Principles of Research in Behavioral Science
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- Author: Mary Kite
- ISBN: 9781138687875
- Availability: In Stock
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ABOUT THE BOOK
This book provides a comprehensive overview of research methods in the behavioral sciences, focusing primarily on the conceptual issues inherent in conducting research. It covers topics that are often omitted from other texts, including measurement issues, correlational research, qualitative research, and integrative literature reviews. The book also includes discussions of diversity issues as they related to behavioral science research. New to this edition are chapter boxes that focus on applied issues related to each chapter topic. Throughout the book, readable examples and informative tables and figures are provided. The authors also take a contemporary approach to topics such as research ethics, replication research, and data collection (including internet research).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part 1. Introduction
Chapter 1: Behavioral Science
Science
Goals of Science
Key Values of Science
Scientific Approaches to Knowledge
Theories
Components of Theories
Characteristics of Theories
Purposes of Theories
Criteria for Evaluating Theories
Research
The Research Process
Evaluating Research
Inference in Research
Theory, Research, and Application
The Interdependence of Theory, Research, and Application
The Uses of Behavioral Science and Theory
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 2: Research Strategies: An Overview
Purposes of Research
Basic and Applied Research
Evaluation Research
Action Research
Quantitative and Qualitative Research
Research Strategies
The Experimental Strategy
The Case Study Strategy
The Correlational Strategy
Comparing the Strategies
Time Perspectives: Short Term Versus Long Term
Developmental Research
Prospective Research
Outcome Evaluation
Research Settings: Laboratory Versus Field
Research Strategies and Research Settings
Research Settings and Research Participants
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Readings
Key Terms
References
Chapter 3: The Ethical Treatment of Research Participants
Responsibility for Ethical Research
Ethical Considerations While Planning Research
Risk of Harm or Deprivation
Voluntary Participation
Informed Consent
Deception
Ethical Obligations During Data Collection
Avoidance of Harm
Withdrawal of Consent
Ethical Considerations Following Data Collection
Alleviating Adverse Effects
Debriefing
Compensation of Control Groups
Confidentiality of Data
The Institutional Review Board
Membership of the IRB
Criteria for approving research
Review procedures
Research Ethics in Cultural Context
Examples of Ethical Issues
Some Guidelines
Chapter Summary
Suggested Readings
Key Terms
References
Part 2: Foundations of Research
Chapter 4: The Professional and Social Responsibilities of Scientists
Mistakes and Errors in Research
Consequences of Error
Incompetence and Negligence
Questionable Research Practices
Correcting Mistakes and Errors
Scientific Misconduct
Data Fabrication
Preventing Scientific Misconduct
Ethical Issues in Publication
Authorship Credit
Duplicate Publication
Plagiarism
Using the Results of Research
The Application of Research Results
Influencing Decision Makers
Researcher’s Responsibilities
Research and the Common Good
Is Applied Research More Ethical Than Basic Research?
Should Research on Some Topics Be Banned or Restricted?
Is There an Ethical Obligation to Conduct Research?
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 5: Formulating a Research Question
Formulating Research Hypotheses
Establishing a Background
Choosing a Topic
Formulating the Question
Reviewing the Literature
Formulating Hypotheses
Designing the Study
Writing the Research Proposal
Replication Research
Forms of Replication
Interpreting the Results of Replication Research
Considerations in Conducting Replication Research
Replication as Part of a Systematic Research Program
Designing Research for Utilization
Knowledge Utilization
Design Considerations
Dissemination of Research Results
Bias in the Formulation of Research Questions
Personal Values
Biased Assumptions
Avoiding Bias
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 6: Developing a Measurement Strategy
Reliability and Validity
Manifest Variables and Hypothetical Constructs
Reliability, Validity, and Measurement Error
Assessing Reliability
Forms of Reliability
Choosing Among the Forms of Reliability
Standards for Reliability
Item Response Theory
Assessing Validity
Categories of Validity Evidence
Discriminant Validity
Relationships Among the Categories of Validity Evidence
Determining a Measure’s Degree of Validity
Modalities of Measurement
Self-Report Measures
Behavioral Measures
Physiological Measures
Implicit Measures
Choosing a Measurement Modality
Locating and Evaluating Measures
Categories of Measures
Locating Measures
Evaluating Measures
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 7: The Internal Validity of Research
Confounds
Natural Confounds
Treatment Confounds
Measurement Confounds
Threats to Internal Validity
Time-Related Threats
Control Groups in Pretest-Posttest Research
Theoretical Validity
Selection Threats
Volunteer bias
Preexisting groups
Mortality
Reactivity
Sources of Reactivity
Evaluation apprehension
Controlling Reactivity
Demand Characteristics
Sources of Demand Characteristics
Participant Roles
Controlling Demand Characteristics
Experimenter Expectancies
Types of Expectancy Effects
Techniques of Control
Enhancing Internal Validity
Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 8: The External Validity of Research
The Concept of External Validity
Aspects of External Validity
Components of External Validity
The Structural Components of External Validity
Setting Factors
Participant Sample Factors
Research Procedure Factors
Cultural Factors
Time Factors
Time sampling
Changes over time
The Functional and Conceptual Components of External Validity
The Functional Component
The Conceptual Component
Relationships Among the Components of External Validity
Assessing External Validity
Assessing Generalizability
Assessing Ecological Validity
Laboratory Research, Natural Setting Research, and External Validity
Laboratory Research and Ecological Validity
External Validity and Internal Validity
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Part 3: Research Design
Chapter 9: True Experiments
Manipulating the Independent Variables
Conditions of the Independent Variable
Additional Control and Comparison Conditions
Characteristics of a Good Manipulation
Using Multiple Stimuli
Controlling Extraneous Variance
Holding Extraneous Variables Constant
Between-Subjects Designs
Within-Subjects Designs
Multiple-Group Designs
Quantitative Independent Variables
Qualitative Independent Variables
Interpreting the Results of Multiple-Group Experiments
Factorial Designs
The Nature of Factorial Designs
Interaction Effects
Forms of Factorial Designs
Uses for Factorial Designs
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Readings
Key Terms
References
Chapter 10: Field Research
The Problem of Control in Field Settings
Control Over Variables
Control Over Research Populations
Field Experiments
Choosing a Research Setting
Implementing the Independent Variable
Problems in Field Experimentation
Natural Experiments and Quasi-Experiments
The Group Comparison Approach
The Time Series Approach
Naturalistic Observation
Categories of Naturalistic Observation
Nonparticipant observation
Coding Natural Behaviors
Problems in Naturalistic Observation
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 11: Correlational Designs
The Nature of Correlational Research
Simple Correlation Analysis
Assumptions of Linearity and Additivity
Factors Affecting the Correlation Coefficient
Multifaceted Constructs
Some Recommendations
Partial Correlation Analysis
Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA)
Forms of MRA
Information Provided by MRA
The Problem of Multicollinearity
MRA as an Alternative to ANOVA
Some Other Correlational Techniques
Logistic Regression Analysis
Multiway Frequency Analysis
Data Types and Data Analysis
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 12: Factor Analysis, Path Analysis, and Structural Equation Modeling
Exploratory Factor Analysis
Uses of Exploratory Factor Analysis
Considerations in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Hypothesis Testing
Measure Validation
Evaluating Goodness of Fit
Testing Mediational Hypotheses
The Causal Steps Strategy
Path Analysis with Observed Variables
Structural Equation Modeling
Prospective Research
Limits on Interpretation
Chapter Summary
Suggestions for Further Reading
Key Terms
References
Chapter 13: The Single-Case Research Strategy
The Role of Single-Case Research in Psychology
Some History
Uses of Single-Case Research
Validity Criteria in Single-Case Research
Measurement Criteria
Replication Criteria
Control Criteria
Impact Criteria